1. What is CBC?

Answer: CBC stands for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is a crown corporation, owned and operated by the government of Canada, responsible for providing public broadcasting services in both English and French.

2. What does CBC broadcast?

Answer: CBC broadcasts a wide range of programming, including news, current affairs, drama, comedy, documentaries, sports, and more. They cover both local and national content.

3. How can I watch CBC programming?

Answer: CBC offers its programming through various platforms, including over-the-air television, cable and satellite providers, and streaming services. CBC Gem is their streaming platform where you can access their content online.

4. Is CBC free to watch?

Answer: is a publicly funded broadcaster, and many of its services are available for free to Canadian residents. However, some premium content or streaming options may require a subscription or have associated fees.

5. How can I access CBC Gem?

Answer: CBC Gem is CBC’s streaming service. You can access it through their website or by downloading the CBC Gem app on various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and smart TVs.

6. Does CBC offer news services?

Answer: Yes, CBC provides comprehensive news coverage, including local, national, and international news. They have TV newscasts, radio news, and an online news website.

7. Can I watch CBC from outside Canada?

Answer: CBC’s online streaming service, CBC Gem, may be geo-restricted to Canada due to licensing agreements. If you’re outside Canada and want to access CBC content, you may need to use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) to bypass regional restrictions.

8. How can I contact CBC for inquiries or feedback?

Answer: You can contact CBC through their official website. They usually have contact information and feedback forms available for various departments and programs.

9. Is CBC available in French?

Answer: Yes, CBC provides services in both English and French. In French-speaking regions of Canada, it’s known as Radio-Canada, and they offer a wide range of programming in the French language.

10. Does CBC produce its own content?

Answer: Yes, CBC produces a significant amount of its own content, including news, television shows, and radio programs. They also collaborate with independent producers and acquire programming from other sources.

1. What is glucose?

   Answer: Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is a carbohydrate that is commonly found in foods and serves as a crucial energy source for the human body.

2. How is glucose produced in the body?

   Answer: Glucose is produced in the body through the process of glycolysis, where complex carbohydrates from food are broken down into simpler sugars, including glucose. Additionally, the liver can produce glucose through gluconeogenesis, a process that converts non-carbohydrate sources (such as proteins and fats) into glucose.

3. What is the role of insulin in glucose regulation?

   Answer: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in glucose regulation. It helps cells take in glucose from the bloodstream, reducing blood sugar levels. Insulin is essential for maintaining blood glucose within a normal range, and its dysfunction can lead to conditions such as diabetes.

4. What is normal blood glucose level?

   Answer: Fasting blood glucose levels are typically considered normal when they fall between 70 and 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). After meals, blood glucose levels may temporarily rise but should return to normal levels within a few hours. These values may vary slightly depending on the specific guidelines and methods used for measurement.

5. What is hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?

   Answer: Hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low blood glucose levels, usually below 70 mg/dL. It can cause symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Hyperglycemia, on the other hand, is high blood glucose levels, often associated with conditions like diabetes. Symptoms may include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

6. How can one maintain healthy blood glucose levels?

   Answer: To maintain healthy blood glucose levels, it is important to adopt a balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in appropriate proportions. Regular physical activity is also crucial for glucose regulation. For individuals with diabetes, monitoring blood glucose levels, taking prescribed medications, and following a diabetes management plan are essential components of maintaining optimal glucose control.

1. What is fasting?

   Answer: Fasting is the intentional abstention from consuming food and, in some cases, beverages for a specific period. It has been practiced for centuries for various reasons, including religious, spiritual, and health purposes.

2. What are the different types of fasting?

   Answer: There are several types of fasting, including:
   • Intermittent Fasting (IF): Alternating between periods of eating and fasting.
   • Water Fasting: Consuming only water for a specified period.
   • Time-Restricted Eating: Eating only during a specific time window each day.
   • Extended Fasting: Fasting for more extended periods, typically beyond 48 hours.
   • Alternate-Day Fasting: Alternating between days of regular eating and days of fasting.
   • Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD): A diet that mimics the effects of fasting while allowing some food consumption.

3. What are the potential health benefits of fasting?

   Answer: Fasting has been associated with various health benefits, including weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, enhanced brain health, and longevity. Some studies suggest that fasting may also support cardiovascular health and contribute to the prevention of certain chronic diseases.

4. Is fasting safe for everyone?

   Answer: Fasting may not be suitable for everyone, and its safety depends on an individual’s health status and specific conditions. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with eating disorders, and those with certain medical conditions should consult a healthcare professional before attempting any fasting regimen. It’s crucial to approach fasting with caution and personalize it based on individual needs.

5. Can fasting help with weight loss?

   Answer: Yes, fasting can contribute to weight loss by creating a calorie deficit. During fasting, the body uses stored energy, leading to fat burning. Additionally, fasting may help regulate hormones involved in metabolism and appetite, potentially aiding in weight management.

6. What should one eat when breaking a fast?

   Answer: Breaking a fast is important, and the choice of foods matters. Start with easily digestible and nutrient-dense foods to avoid digestive discomfort. Examples include fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. It’s essential to reintroduce food gradually, especially after extended fasts, to allow the digestive system to adapt.

1. What is postprandial glucose?

   Answer: Postprandial glucose refers to the blood sugar level after eating a meal. Monitoring postprandial glucose levels is important for individuals with diabetes, as it helps assess how well the body manages blood sugar after consuming food.

2. How long after eating should I check my postprandial glucose levels?

   Answer: The timing for checking postprandial glucose levels can vary, but it’s commonly done 1 to 2 hours after starting a meal. This time frame allows for an assessment of how well the body is processing and utilizing the glucose from the ingested food.

3. Why is postprandial hypotension a concern?

   Answer: Postprandial hypotension is a condition where blood pressure drops significantly after eating. It can cause symptoms like dizziness and fainting. This condition is more common in older adults and individuals with certain health conditions. Managing postprandial hypotension may involve lifestyle changes and, in some cases, medication.

4. What are postprandial bloating and indigestion, and how can they be relieved?

   Answer: Postprandial bloating and indigestion refer to discomfort and a feeling of fullness after eating. This can be caused by various factors, including overeating, eating too quickly, or certain digestive issues. To relieve these symptoms, individuals can try eating smaller meals, chewing food thoroughly, avoiding trigger foods, and staying upright after eating.

5. Is it normal to feel sleepy after eating (postprandial somnolence)?

   Answer: Feeling sleepy after eating, known as postprandial somnolence, is a common phenomenon. It is often attributed to the body directing more blood flow to the digestive system, leading to a temporary decrease in alertness. Eating smaller, balanced meals and avoiding heavy, carbohydrate-rich foods can help mitigate postprandial sleepiness.

6. Can exercise help with postprandial blood sugar levels?

   Answer: Yes, exercise can be beneficial in managing postprandial blood sugar levels. Physical activity helps the body utilize glucose more efficiently and can improve insulin sensitivity. Engaging in moderate-intensity exercise, such as walking, after meals may contribute to better postprandial glucose control.

1. What is HbA1c?

   Answer: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to glucose. It reflects the average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. As red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days, measuring the percentage of HbA1c gives an indication of how well blood sugar levels have been controlled over time.

2. Why is HbA1c important?

   Answer: HbA1c is an important tool in managing diabetes because it provides an average of blood sugar levels over a longer period. This helps healthcare providers assess the effectiveness of treatment plans and make adjustments if necessary. It is a key parameter in diabetes care to prevent long-term complications associated with high blood sugar levels.

3. What are the target HbA1c levels?

   Answer: Target HbA1c levels vary depending on individual health conditions, age, and the presence of complications. However, in general, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends an HbA1c target of below 7% for most adults with diabetes. Individualized targets may be set in consultation with healthcare providers.

4. How often should HbA1c be tested?

   Answer: The frequency of HbA1c testing depends on the individual’s diabetes management and overall health. In general, people with well-controlled diabetes may have HbA1c tested every 6 months, while those with less controlled diabetes or undergoing treatment changes may need more frequent tests.

5. Can factors other than diabetes affect HbA1c levels?

   Answer: Yes, certain factors can influence HbA1c levels, including conditions that affect red blood cell turnover (such as anemia), kidney disease, and certain medications. Additionally, pregnancy can temporarily affect HbA1c levels. It’s important to discuss any potential influencing factors with a healthcare provider to ensure accurate interpretation of the results.

6. How can HbA1c levels be lowered?

   Answer: Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and weight management can contribute to lowering HbA1c levels. Medications, including oral medications and insulin, may also be prescribed by healthcare providers to help manage blood sugar levels. It’s crucial for individuals with diabetes to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan.

1. What is a lipid profile?

   Answer: A lipid profile is a blood test that measures the levels of different types of lipids (fats) in your blood. It typically includes measurements of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides.

2. What is total cholesterol?

   Answer: Total cholesterol is the sum of all types of cholesterol in your blood, including LDL, HDL, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. It is an overall measure of the amount of cholesterol in your blood.

3. What is LDL cholesterol?

   Answer: LDL cholesterol, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, is a type of cholesterol that can build up on the walls of arteries and form plaques. High levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

4. What is HDL cholesterol?

   Answer: HDL cholesterol, often referred to as “good” cholesterol, helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are generally considered beneficial, as they may reduce the risk of heart disease.

5. What are triglycerides?

   Answer: Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. They come from the food we eat and are also produced by the body. High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.

6. Why is a lipid profile important?

   Answer: A lipid profile is important because it helps assess your risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease and stroke. Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, along with low levels of HDL cholesterol, can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), which can lead to serious heart-related problems.

1. What is EGFR mutation?

   Answer: An EGFR mutation refers to a change or alteration in the DNA sequence of the EGFR gene. In the context of cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), certain mutations in the EGFR gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors.

2. How common are EGFR mutations in lung cancer?

   Answer: EGFR mutations are more commonly found in certain subtypes of lung cancer, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and are more prevalent in certain populations, such as non-smokers or light smokers. The frequency of EGFR mutations can vary by ethnicity and other factors.

3. Why is EGFR testing important in lung cancer?

   Answer: EGFR testing is crucial in lung cancer because identifying EGFR mutations helps determine the most effective treatment strategies. Certain targeted therapies, such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have been developed to specifically target cancer cells with EGFR mutations, providing more effective and less toxic treatment options compared to traditional chemotherapy.

4. What are EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)?

   Answer: EGFR TKIs are a type of targeted therapy designed to block the activity of the EGFR protein. These drugs, such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib, are often used in the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR mutations. They work by inhibiting the signaling pathways that promote cancer cell growth and division.

5. How does EGFR mutation testing work?

   Answer: EGFR mutation testing involves analyzing a sample of tumor tissue (usually obtained through a biopsy) to identify specific genetic alterations in the EGFR gene. This testing helps oncologists determine whether a patient is a candidate for EGFR-targeted therapies.

6. What are the challenges in EGFR-targeted therapy?

   Answer: While EGFR-targeted therapies can be highly effective initially, resistance to these drugs can develop over time. Researchers are actively studying mechanisms of resistance and developing strategies to overcome it. Additionally, not all patients with EGFR mutations respond equally to these therapies, and individual variations in treatment response are an ongoing area of research.

1. What is the normal range for the albumin-to-creatinine ratio?

   Answer: The normal range for ACR is typically less than 30 milligrams of albumin per gram of creatinine (mg/g). Values above this range may indicate kidney damage or dysfunction.

2. Why is the albumin-to-creatinine ratio important?

   Answer: The ACR is crucial in assessing kidney health. Elevated levels of albumin in the urine can be an early sign of kidney damage, often caused by conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. Monitoring ACR helps in the early detection and management of kidney disease.

3. What conditions can cause an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio?

   Answer: Conditions that can lead to an elevated ACR include diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units), and other kidney diseases. Certain medications and urinary tract infections can also impact the ACR.

4. How is the albumin-to-creatinine ratio measured?

   Answer: The ACR is measured using a urine sample collected in a laboratory. The levels of albumin and creatinine are measured, and the ratio is calculated by dividing the amount of albumin by the amount of creatinine.

5. How is the albumin-to-creatinine ratio different from a 24-hour urine collection?

   Answer: ACR is a spot urine test, meaning it is performed on a single urine sample collected at a specific point in time. In contrast, a 24-hour urine collection involves collecting all urine produced in a 24-hour period to measure various substances, providing a more comprehensive assessment of kidney function.

6. Can lifestyle changes affect the albumin-to-creatinine ratio?

   Answer: Yes, certain lifestyle changes can impact the ACR. Managing conditions like diabetes and hypertension through diet, exercise, and medication can help control albumin levels in the urine. Additionally, quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy weight may contribute to kidney health.

1. What is a Urine Routine Test?

   Answer: A urine routine test, also known as a urinalysis, is a diagnostic examination of urine. It involves analyzing the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine to assess overall health and detect various medical conditions.

2. Why is a Urine Routine Test Done?

   Answer: Urine routine tests are conducted for several reasons, including:
   • Kidney Function: To evaluate how well the kidneys are filtering and processing waste.
   • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): To detect the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, or other indicators of infection.
   • Diabetes: To monitor glucose levels in urine.
   • Liver Function: To assess the excretion of certain waste products.
   • Screening for Other Conditions: To identify signs of conditions such as dehydration, kidney stones, or bladder disorders.

3. What Does a Urine Routine Test Include?

   Answer: A urine routine test typically includes an assessment of:
   • Physical Properties: Color, clarity, and specific gravity.
   • Chemical Properties: pH, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and nitrites.
   • Microscopic Examination: Presence of cells, crystals, casts, bacteria, and other particles.

4. How is a Urine Sample Collected?

   Answer: A clean-catch midstream urine sample is commonly collected. The process involves cleaning the genital area, collecting an initial stream of urine in the toilet, and then collecting the middle portion of the urine stream in a sterile container.

5. What Does Cloudy Urine Indicate?

   Answer: Cloudy urine can result from various factors, including the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, or crystals. It may indicate an infection, kidney stones, or other underlying health issues.

6. Can Medications Affect Urine Test Results?

   Answer: Yes, certain medications and substances can influence urine test results. For example, antibiotics, diuretics, and vitamin supplements may impact the color or chemical composition of urine. It’s essential to inform the healthcare provider about any medications or supplements being taken.