1. What is CBC?

Answer: CBC stands for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is a crown corporation, owned and operated by the government of Canada, responsible for providing public broadcasting services in both English and French.

2. What does CBC broadcast?

Answer:  CBC broadcasts a wide range of programming, including news, current affairs, drama, comedy, documentaries, sports, and more. They cover both local and national content.

3. How can I watch CBC programming?

Answer: CBC offers its programming through various platforms, including over-the-air television, cable and satellite providers, and streaming services. CBC Gem is their streaming platform where you can access their content online.

4. Is CBC free to watch?

Answer: CBC is a publicly funded broadcaster, and many of its services are available for free to Canadian residents. However, some premium content or streaming options may require a subscription or have associated fees.

5. How can I access CBC Gem?

Answer: CBC Gem is CBC’s streaming service. You can access it through their website or by downloading the CBC Gem app on various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and smart TVs.

6. Does CBC offer news services?

Answer: Yes, CBC provides comprehensive news coverage, including local, national, and international news. They have TV newscasts, radio news, and an online news website.

1. What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

Answer: ESR is a blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a vertical tube over a specific time period. It is a non-specific marker of inflammation, and the test is often used to detect and monitor inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of arthritis.

2. How is the ESR Test Performed?

Answer: Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the arm, and collected in a tube. The blood is then allowed to stand in a vertical tube for a specified period, often one hour. The rate at which the red blood cells settle is measured in millimeters per hour (mm/hr). Faster settling indicates higher inflammation or other abnormal conditions.

3. What Causes an Elevated ESR?

Answer: An elevated ESR is often indicative of inflammation in the body. Various conditions can cause this, including infections, autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), inflammatory bowel disease, certain cancers, and tissue injury. However, it’s important to note that an elevated ESR is non-specific and does not identify the cause of inflammation.

4. Can ESR Be Used to Diagnose Specific Diseases?

Answer: ESR is a non-specific test, meaning it doesn’t pinpoint a specific disease. It is used more as a screening tool to detect the presence of inflammation. Additional tests and clinical evaluation are usually required to determine the cause of the inflammation.

5. What Factors Can Affect ESR Results?

Answer: Several factors can influence ESR results, including age, gender, anemia, pregnancy, and certain medications. Normal ranges may vary based on age and gender, so it’s essential to interpret ESR results in the context of the patient’s overall health and medical history.

1. What is glucose?

Answer: Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary source of energy for the body. It is a carbohydrate that is broken down from the food we eat, particularly carbohydrates.

2. What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?

Answer: Fasting blood glucose levels are typically considered normal when they fall between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Postprandial (after-meal) levels can vary but are generally below 140 mg/dL.

3. How is glucose regulated in the body?

Answer: The body regulates glucose through the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels. Conversely, the hormone glucagon raises blood sugar levels by releasing glucose stored in the liver when needed.

4. What is hypoglycemia?

Answer: Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop below normal levels (usually below 70 mg/dL). Symptoms may include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness. It is often associated with conditions like diabetes and insulin overdoses.

5. What is hyperglycemia?

Answer: Hyperglycemia refers to high blood glucose levels, often associated with diabetes. It can result from insufficient insulin production or inadequate cellular response to insulin. Symptoms may include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

6. How is glucose measured?

Answer: Glucose levels are typically measured using a blood test. The most common tests are fasting blood glucose (measured after an overnight fast) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which measures how the body handles a glucose load. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are also used for real-time monitoring.

1.  What is fasting?

Answer: Fasting is the voluntary abstention from food or drink for a specific period. It has been practiced for centuries for religious, spiritual, and health reasons. Different fasting methods exist, including intermittent fasting (IF), water fasting, and alternate-day fasting.

2. Is fasting safe?

Answer: Fasting can be safe for many individuals when done responsibly. However, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with certain medical conditions or pregnant women. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any fasting regimen, especially for extended or more intense fasting approaches.

3. What are the health benefits of fasting?

Answer: Fasting has been associated with various potential health benefits, including weight loss, improved metabolic health, better blood sugar control, and enhanced brain function. Some studies suggest that fasting may also have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, though more research is needed to fully understand these potential benefits.

4. What is intermittent fasting?

Answer: Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of eating and fasting. Common methods include the 16/8 method (16 hours of fasting, 8 hours of eating) and the 5:2 diet (five days of regular eating, two days of reduced calorie intake). Intermittent fasting is popular for its simplicity and flexibility.

5. How do I start fasting?

Answer: Before starting any fasting regimen, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have underlying health conditions. If you get the green light, start with a less intense method, such as the 12/12 method (12 hours of fasting, 12 hours of eating), and gradually progress to longer fasting periods as your body adapts.

6. Can I exercise during fasting?

Answer: Yes, moderate exercise is generally safe during fasting. In fact, some people find that exercising in a fasted state can enhance fat burning. However, it’s essential to listen to your body and not push yourself too hard, especially during longer fasts. Staying hydrated is crucial, and you may need to adjust your workout intensity depending on the fasting method you’re following.

1. What is postprandial glucose?

Answer: Postprandial glucose refers to the blood sugar level after consuming a meal. Monitoring postprandial glucose levels is important for individuals with diabetes, as it provides insights into how the body processes and manages sugar from food.

2. Why is monitoring postprandial glucose important for people with diabetes?

Answer: Monitoring postprandial glucose helps individuals with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels more effectively. It allows them to understand how different foods impact their blood sugar and helps healthcare professionals make adjustments to their treatment plans, such as medication or dietary changes.

3. How soon after eating should postprandial glucose be measured?

Answer: The recommended time to measure postprandial glucose is typically 1-2 hours after starting a meal. This is the period when blood sugar levels are expected to peak after food intake. However, healthcare providers may provide specific guidance based on an individual’s health condition and treatment plan.

4. What is postprandial hypotension?

Answer: Postprandial hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs after eating. It can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. This condition is more common in older adults and individuals with certain health conditions. Maintaining proper hydration and avoiding large, heavy meals can help manage postprandial hypotension.

5. How can one manage postprandial bloating and indigestion?

Answer: Postprandial bloating and indigestion are common discomforts after eating. Strategies to manage these symptoms include eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding overeating, and identifying and avoiding trigger foods. Chewing food thoroughly and maintaining good posture while eating can also contribute to better digestion.

6. Is postprandial testing only relevant for people with diabetes?

Answer: While postprandial testing is particularly important for individuals with diabetes to manage blood sugar levels, it can be relevant for others as well. Monitoring how the body responds to different meals can provide valuable insights into overall digestive health and may be beneficial for individuals with conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders or those trying to optimize their nutrition.

Liver function tests are blood tests that measure different substances made by your liver. The tests can show how well your liver is working .

1. What is HbA1c?

Answer: HbA1c, or Glycosylated Hemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to glucose. It is often used as a measure of long-term blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes. The test reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

2. How is HbA1c measured?

Answer: The HbA1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated. It is typically expressed as a percentage of total hemoglobin. The test is performed through a blood sample, usually drawn from a vein in the arm.

3. What is the significance of HbA1c in diabetes management?

Answer: HbA1c is a valuable tool for assessing how well a person with diabetes is managing their blood sugar levels over time. It provides an average of blood glucose levels and helps healthcare professionals make treatment decisions. Lowering HbA1c levels is often a goal in diabetes management to reduce the risk of complications.

4. What is the target range for HbA1c in diabetes management?

Answer: The target range for HbA1c may vary depending on individual health factors and the recommendations of healthcare providers. In general, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests an HbA1c target of less than 7% for many adults with diabetes. However, individualized targets may be set based on factors like age, overall health, and the presence of other medical conditions.

5. How often should HbA1c be tested?

Answer: The frequency of HbA1c testing depends on the individual’s diabetes management and the recommendations of their healthcare provider. In general, it is often tested at least twice a year for people with stable blood sugar control. However, individuals with changing treatment plans or difficulty in managing blood sugar may require more frequent testing.

6. Can factors other than diabetes affect HbA1c levels?

Answer: Yes, factors other than diabetes can influence HbA1c levels. Conditions that affect red blood cells, such as anemia or certain hemoglobin variants, can lead to inaccurate results. Additionally, certain medications and medical conditions may impact HbA1c levels. It’s important to discuss these factors with a healthcare professional to interpret HbA1c results accurately.

1. What is the purpose of Renal Function Tests (RFT)?

Answer: Answer: Renal Function Tests are conducted to assess how well the kidneys are functioning. These tests help in diagnosing and monitoring various kidney conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and electrolyte imbalances.

2. Which specific parameters are measured in Renal Function Tests?

Answer: Answer: Common parameters measured in RFT include serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and chloride).

3. How is eGFR calculated, and why is it important?

Answer: Answer: eGFR, or estimated glomerular filtration rate, is calculated using serum creatinine levels, age, gender, and race. It provides an estimate of how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. It is a crucial parameter for assessing overall kidney function.

4. What are the normal ranges for serum creatinine and BUN?

Answer: Answer: Normal ranges can vary slightly between laboratories, but generally, the normal range for serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.3 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and for BUN is 7 to 20 mg/dL.

5. What conditions can affect Renal Function Test results?

Answer: Answer: Various factors can influence RFT results, including age, gender, muscle mass (which affects creatinine levels), diet, medications, and hydration status. Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, can also impact kidney function.

6. How often should Renal Function Tests be done?

Answer: Answer: The frequency of RFT depends on the individual’s health status and any underlying kidney conditions. For individuals with known kidney disease, tests may be done more frequently. Generally, routine screening may be recommended during regular check-ups or if there are symptoms or risk factors for kidney problems.

1. What does a lipid profile measure?

Answer: A lipid profile typically measures several components, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. These measurements help assess the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

2. What is the significance of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides?

Answer: Total cholesterol is the sum of LDL, HDL, and a fraction of triglycerides. LDL cholesterol is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because high levels can contribute to the buildup of plaque in arteries. HDL cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Triglycerides are a type of fat that can increase the risk of heart disease when elevated.

3. What are the optimal levels for each component in a lipid profile?

Answer: Optimal levels may vary based on individual health factors and risk profiles. However, general guidelines suggest:

• Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL
• LDL cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL
• HDL cholesterol: Greater than 40 mg/dL for men and greater than 50 mg/dL for women
• Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

4. How should I prepare for a lipid profile test?

Answer: Typically, a lipid profile is done after fasting for 9 to 12 hours. Fasting helps obtain accurate measurements of triglyceride levels. It’s important to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider.

5. What lifestyle changes can help improve lipid profile results?

Answer: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can positively impact lipid levels. This includes maintaining a balanced diet low in saturated and trans fats, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, and moderating alcohol intake. In some cases, medication may be prescribed by a healthcare provider.

6. How often should a lipid profile be done?

Answer: The frequency of lipid profile testing depends on individual health factors, risk factors, and any pre-existing conditions. Generally, adults are advised to have their cholesterol levels checked at least every five years. However, those with existing cardiovascular conditions or other risk factors may need more frequent testing.

1. What is Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a))?

Answer: Lp(a) is a type of lipoprotein similar to low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad” cholesterol). It consists of a cholesterol-rich outer shell and a unique protein called apolipoprotein(a). Elevated levels of Lp(a) are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

2. What is the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular health?

Answer: Lp(a) is believed to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries). It may promote the formation of blood clots and interfere with the breakdown of blood clots, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

3. What causes elevated levels of Lp(a)?

Answer: The levels of Lp(a) are primarily determined by genetics, and elevated levels tend to run in families. There is currently no clear understanding of why some individuals have high Lp(a) levels. However, certain factors, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, can influence Lp(a) levels.

4. How is Lp(a) measured?

Answer: Lp(a) levels are measured through a blood test. The results are typically reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). It’s important to note that Lp(a) testing is not a routine part of standard cholesterol screening and may need to be specifically requested.

5. Can lifestyle changes lower Lp(a) levels?

Answer: Unlike other cholesterol components, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise have limited impact on Lp(a) levels. Currently, there are no specific lifestyle interventions known to significantly reduce Lp(a) levels. However, managing other cardiovascular risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes is still important.

6. How is high Lp(a) treated?

Answer: Treatment options for high Lp(a) are somewhat limited. Lifestyle changes, including a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise, are recommended. In some cases, medications such as niacin or cholesterol-lowering drugs like statins may be prescribed. Research is ongoing to develop specific drugs that target Lp(a) and reduce its levels.

1. What is homocysteine?

Answer: Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced during the metabolism of methionine, another amino acid. It is normally converted into other substances in the body. Elevated levels of homocysteine may occur due to genetic factors, deficiencies in certain vitamins (such as B vitamins), or other health conditions.

2. Why is homocysteine important?

Answer: High levels of homocysteine in the blood have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), heart attacks, and strokes. Elevated homocysteine levels may also be associated with other health issues, such as neurodegenerative disorders.

3. What are the causes of high homocysteine levels?

Answer: There are several factors that can contribute to elevated homocysteine levels. These include a deficiency in certain B vitamins (B6, B12, and folic acid), genetic factors, age, gender, and certain medical conditions such as kidney disease.

4. How can homocysteine levels be tested?

Answer: Homocysteine levels can be measured through a simple blood test. This test is often ordered as part of a cardiovascular risk assessment or to investigate unexplained blood clotting.

5. How can high homocysteine levels be treated or managed?

Answer: The management of high homocysteine levels often involves addressing underlying causes. This may include dietary changes to ensure an adequate intake of B vitamins, especially B6, B12, and folic acid. In some cases, supplementation with these vitamins may be recommended. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, may also be beneficial.

6. What is the relationship between homocysteine and heart health?

Answer: Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which homocysteine contributes to heart disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to its effects on blood vessel function and inflammation. Lowering homocysteine levels through dietary changes and supplementation with B vitamins has been explored as a potential strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk, but the evidence is not entirely conclusive.

1. What is HSCRP?

Answer: HSCRP stands for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. It is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation. The high-sensitivity version can detect even low levels of CRP, making it a more accurate marker for assessing inflammation.

2. Why is HSCRP measured?

Answer: HSCRP is measured to assess the level of inflammation in the body. Elevated levels of CRP are associated with various inflammatory conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and infections. Measuring HSCRP can help in assessing the risk of cardiovascular events and monitoring inflammatory diseases.

3. What are normal and high levels of HSCRP?

Answer: Normal levels of HSCRP are typically below 1 mg/L. Higher levels, such as 3 mg/L or more, may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it’s essential to interpret HSCRP results in the context of other risk factors and individual health conditions.

4. How can I lower my HSCRP levels?

Answer: Lifestyle changes can help lower HSCRP levels. These include maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing conditions like obesity and diabetes. Medications, such as statins, may also be prescribed by healthcare providers to reduce inflammation.

5. What factors can influence HSCRP levels?

Answer: Various factors can influence HSCRP levels, including age, gender, and certain health conditions. Chronic conditions like arthritis and infections can elevate CRP levels. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle may contribute to increased inflammation.

6. Is HSCRP a specific test for heart disease?

Answer: HSCRP is not specific to heart disease but is a marker of systemic inflammation. Elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, making it a valuable tool in assessing heart disease risk. However, it should be considered along with other risk factors and diagnostic tests for a comprehensive evaluation.

1. What is a urine routine test?

Answer: A urine routine test, also known as a urinalysis, is a diagnostic examination of urine. It involves analyzing physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine to detect and assess various conditions such as kidney disorders, urinary tract infections, diabetes, and dehydration.

2. How is a urine sample collected?

Answer: A clean-catch midstream urine sample is typically collected for routine urine analysis. This involves starting to urinate, collecting a sample midstream, and then finishing urination. This helps to avoid contamination from the initial and final portions of the stream.

3. What does a urine routine test measure?

Answer: A urine routine test evaluates several components, including color, clarity, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocytes, and microscopic elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts. These parameters provide information about kidney function, hydration, and the presence of substances that may indicate various health conditions.

4. What does the presence of protein in urine indicate?

Answer: Protein in the urine (proteinuria) can be a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction. Healthy kidneys filter waste products but retain essential proteins in the blood. If the kidneys are not functioning properly, proteins may leak into the urine. This can be an early sign of conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or high blood pressure.

5. What does it mean if there are red or white blood cells in the urine?

Answer: The presence of red blood cells (hematuria) in the urine may indicate various conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or inflammation in the urinary system. White blood cells in the urine (pyuria) can suggest an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.

6. How should I prepare for a urine routine test?

Answer: In general, there is minimal preparation required for a urine routine test. However, it’s essential to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. It is often recommended to drink normal amounts of fluids and to avoid excessive intake of certain foods or medications that might affect the results. Additionally, inform your healthcare provider of any medications or supplements you are taking.