1. What is CBC?

Answer:  CBC stands for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is a crown corporation, owned and operated by the government of Canada, responsible for providing public broadcasting services in both English and French.

2. What does CBC broadcast?

Answer: CBC broadcasts a wide range of programming, including news, current affairs, drama, comedy, documentaries, sports, and more. They cover both local and national content.

3. How can I watch CBC programming?

Answer: CBC offers its programming through various platforms, including over-the-air television, cable and satellite providers, and streaming services. CBC Gem is their streaming platform where you can access their content online.

4. Is CBC free to watch?

Answer: CBC is a publicly funded broadcaster, and many of its services are available for free to Canadian residents. However, some premium content or streaming options may require a subscription or have associated fees.

5. How can I access CBC Gem?

Answer: CBC Gem is CBC’s streaming service. You can access it through their website or by downloading the CBC Gem app on various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and smart TVs.

6. Does CBC offer news services?

Answer: Yes, CBC provides comprehensive news coverage, including local, national, and international news. They have TV newscasts, radio news, and an online news website.

1. What is glucose?

Answer: Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary source of energy for the body. It is a carbohydrate that is broken down from the food we eat, particularly carbohydrates.

2. What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?

Answer: Fasting blood glucose levels are typically considered normal when they fall between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Postprandial (after-meal) levels can vary but are generally below 140 mg/dL.

3. How is glucose regulated in the body?

Answer: The body regulates glucose through the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels. Conversely, the hormone glucagon raises blood sugar levels by releasing glucose stored in the liver when needed.

4. What is hypoglycemia?

Answer: Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop below normal levels (usually below 70 mg/dL). Symptoms may include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness. It is often associated with conditions like diabetes and insulin overdoses.

5. What is hyperglycemia?

Answer: Hyperglycemia refers to high blood glucose levels, often associated with diabetes. It can result from insufficient insulin production or inadequate cellular response to insulin. Symptoms may include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

6. How is glucose measured?

Answer: Glucose levels are typically measured using a blood test. The most common tests are fasting blood glucose (measured after an overnight fast) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which measures how the body handles a glucose load. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are also used for real-time monitoring.

1. What is fasting?

Answer: Fasting is the voluntary abstention from food or drink for a specific period. It has been practiced for centuries for religious, spiritual, and health reasons. Different fasting methods exist, including intermittent fasting (IF), water fasting, and alternate-day fasting.

2. Is fasting safe?

Answer: Fasting can be safe for many individuals when done responsibly. However, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with certain medical conditions or pregnant women. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any fasting regimen, especially for extended or more intense fasting approaches.

3. What are the health benefits of fasting?

Answer: Fasting has been associated with various potential health benefits, including weight loss, improved metabolic health, better blood sugar control, and enhanced brain function. Some studies suggest that fasting may also have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, though more research is needed to fully understand these potential benefits.

4. What is intermittent fasting?

Answer: Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of eating and fasting. Common methods include the 16/8 method (16 hours of fasting, 8 hours of eating) and the 5:2 diet (five days of regular eating, two days of reduced calorie intake). Intermittent fasting is popular for its simplicity and flexibility.

5. How do I start fasting?

Answer: Before starting any fasting regimen, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have underlying health conditions. If you get the green light, start with a less intense method, such as the 12/12 method (12 hours of fasting, 12 hours of eating), and gradually progress to longer fasting periods as your body adapts.

6. Can I exercise during fasting?

Answer: Yes, moderate exercise is generally safe during fasting. In fact, some people find that exercising in a fasted state can enhance fat burning. However, it’s essential to listen to your body and not push yourself too hard, especially during longer fasts. Staying hydrated is crucial, and you may need to adjust your workout intensity depending on the fasting method you’re following.

1. What is postprandial glucose?

Answer: Postprandial glucose refers to the blood sugar level after consuming a meal. Monitoring postprandial glucose levels is important for individuals with diabetes, as it provides insights into how the body processes and manages sugar from food.

2. Why is monitoring postprandial glucose important for people with diabetes?

Answer: Monitoring postprandial glucose helps individuals with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels more effectively. It allows them to understand how different foods impact their blood sugar and helps healthcare professionals make adjustments to their treatment plans, such as medication or dietary changes.

3. How soon after eating should postprandial glucose be measured?

Answer: The recommended time to measure postprandial glucose is typically 1-2 hours after starting a meal. This is the period when blood sugar levels are expected to peak after food intake. However, healthcare providers may provide specific guidance based on an individual’s health condition and treatment plan.

4. What is postprandial hypotension?

Answer: Postprandial hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs after eating. It can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. This condition is more common in older adults and individuals with certain health conditions. Maintaining proper hydration and avoiding large, heavy meals can help manage postprandial hypotension.

5. How can one manage postprandial bloating and indigestion?

Answer: Postprandial bloating and indigestion are common discomforts after eating. Strategies to manage these symptoms include eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding overeating, and identifying and avoiding trigger foods. Chewing food thoroughly and maintaining good posture while eating can also contribute to better digestion.

6. Is postprandial testing only relevant for people with diabetes?

Answer: While postprandial testing is particularly important for individuals with diabetes to manage blood sugar levels, it can be relevant for others as well. Monitoring how the body responds to different meals can provide valuable insights into overall digestive health and may be beneficial for individuals with conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders or those trying to optimize their nutrition.

Liver function tests are blood tests that measure different substances made by your liver. The tests can show how well your liver is working .

1. What is LFT in liver function test?

Answer: Liver function tests can be used to: Screen for liver infections, such as hepatitis. Monitor a disease, such as viral or alcoholic hepatitis, and determine how well a treatment is working. Look for signs of serious disease, particularly scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.

2. What are normal LFT levels?

Answer: ALT levels higher than 29 to 33 international units per liter (IU/L) in men and 19 to 25 IU/L in women may be a sign of liver disease. The average range for ALP tests is 44 to 147 IU/L. Higher levels may point to problems with the liver. The normal range for GGT levels in the blood is 9 to 48 U/L.

3. What happens when LFT is high?

Answer: Elevated liver enzymes often indicate inflammation or damage to cells in the liver. Inflamed or injured liver cells leak higher than normal amounts of certain chemicals, including liver enzymes, into the bloodstream, elevating liver enzymes on blood tests.

4. What is a LFT test looking for?

Answer: In general, the results of your liver function tests can tell you if: Your liver is inflamed, which means you have hepatitis. You have hepatitis from drinking alcohol or other causes, such as infection. Your liver isn’t working well and how weak it has become.

5. What is a bad LFT result?

Answer: The typical range for ALP in adults is usually 20–140 IU/L . A low result on this test can indicate that your liver isn’t functioning properly. This occurs in diseases such as cirrhosis, malnutrition, and cancer. The typical range for albumin is 35–50 grams per liter (g/L).

1. What does a lipid profile measure?

Answer: A lipid profile typically measures several components, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. These measurements help assess the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

2. What is the significance of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides?

Answer: Total cholesterol is the sum of LDL, HDL, and a fraction of triglycerides. LDL cholesterol is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because high levels can contribute to the buildup of plaque in arteries. HDL cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Triglycerides are a type of fat that can increase the risk of heart disease when elevated.

3. What are the optimal levels for each component in a lipid profile?

Answer: Optimal levels may vary based on individual health factors and risk profiles. However, general guidelines suggest:

• Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL
• LDL cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL
• HDL cholesterol: Greater than 40 mg/dL for men and greater than 50 mg/dL for women
• Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

4. How should I prepare for a lipid profile test?

Answer: Typically, a lipid profile is done after fasting for 9 to 12 hours. Fasting helps obtain accurate measurements of triglyceride levels. It’s important to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider.

5. What lifestyle changes can help improve lipid profile results?

Answer: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can positively impact lipid levels. This includes maintaining a balanced diet low in saturated and trans fats, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, and moderating alcohol intake. In some cases, medication may be prescribed by a healthcare provider.

6. How often should a lipid profile be done?

Answer: The frequency of lipid profile testing depends on individual health factors, risk factors, and any pre-existing conditions. Generally, adults are advised to have their cholesterol levels checked at least every five years. However, those with existing cardiovascular conditions or other risk factors may need more frequent testing.

1. What is the purpose of Renal Function Tests (RFT)?

Answer: Answer: Renal Function Tests are conducted to assess how well the kidneys are functioning. These tests help in diagnosing and monitoring various kidney conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and electrolyte imbalances.

2. Which specific parameters are measured in Renal Function Tests?

Answer: Answer: Common parameters measured in RFT include serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and chloride).

3. How is eGFR calculated, and why is it important?

Answer: Answer: eGFR, or estimated glomerular filtration rate, is calculated using serum creatinine levels, age, gender, and race. It provides an estimate of how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. It is a crucial parameter for assessing overall kidney function.

4. What are the normal ranges for serum creatinine and BUN?

Answer: Answer: Normal ranges can vary slightly between laboratories, but generally, the normal range for serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.3 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and for BUN is 7 to 20 mg/dL.

5. What conditions can affect Renal Function Test results?

Answer: Answer: Various factors can influence RFT results, including age, gender, muscle mass (which affects creatinine levels), diet, medications, and hydration status. Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, can also impact kidney function.

6. How often should Renal Function Tests be done?

Answer: Answer: The frequency of RFT depends on the individual’s health status and any underlying kidney conditions. For individuals with known kidney disease, tests may be done more frequently. Generally, routine screening may be recommended during regular check-ups or if there are symptoms or risk factors for kidney problems.

1. What is a Thyroid Profile?

Answer: A thyroid profile is a series of blood tests that evaluate the levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. The key hormones measured in a thyroid profile typically include TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), T3 (Triiodothyronine), and T4 (Thyroxine). These tests help assess the overall function of the thyroid gland.

2. Why is a Thyroid Profile Important?

Answer: The thyroid gland produces hormones that play a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and the functioning of various organs. Imbalances in thyroid hormone levels can lead to conditions such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). A thyroid profile helps in diagnosing these conditions and guiding appropriate treatment.

3. When Should a Thyroid Profile Be Done?

Answer: A thyroid profile is often recommended when there are symptoms suggesting thyroid dysfunction. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight changes, changes in skin and hair, intolerance to cold or heat, and irregular menstrual cycles. Additionally, individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders may undergo regular thyroid screening.

4. How is the Test Performed?

Answer: The thyroid profile is a blood test. A healthcare professional will collect a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm. Fasting is not usually required, but it’s essential to follow any specific instructions given by your healthcare provider.

5. What Do the Results Mean?

Answer: The results of a thyroid profile provide information about the levels of TSH, T3, and T4 in the blood. Abnormal levels may indicate an underactive or overactive thyroid. TSH is often considered the primary marker, as it is inversely proportional to thyroid hormone levels. Interpretation of results should be done by a healthcare professional in the context of an individual’s overall health.

6. How Is Thyroid Dysfunction Treated?

Answer: Treatment for thyroid dysfunction depends on the specific condition. Hypothyroidism is often treated with synthetic thyroid hormones (levothyroxine), while hyperthyroidism may involve medications to reduce thyroid hormone production or surgical interventions. Treatment decisions are made based on the severity of the condition and individual patient factors.

1. What is the role of Total T3, Total T4, and TSH in the body?

Answer: Total T3 and Total T4: These are thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland and play a crucial role in regulating the body’s metabolism, energy production, and growth. Total T3 represents the total amount of triiodothyronine in the blood, while Total T4 represents the total amount of thyroxine.

TSH: TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. It acts as a feedback mechanism to maintain thyroid hormone levels within a normal range.

2. What do abnormal levels of Total T3, Total T4, or TSH indicate?

Answer: High Total T3 and Total T4: Hyperthyroidism or an overactive thyroid gland.

Low Total T3 and Total T4: Hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid gland.

High TSH: Hypothyroidism, indicating that the thyroid gland is not producing enough hormones.

Low TSH: Hyperthyroidism, suggesting that the thyroid gland is overproducing hormones.

3. Why is it important to measure both Total and Free T3 and T4?

Answer: Total T3 and T4 measure the overall amount of these hormones in the blood, including both bound to proteins and free. Free T3 and T4 represent the biologically active, unbound forms. Both sets of measurements are valuable in assessing thyroid function comprehensively.

4. What factors can affect thyroid hormone levels?

Answer: Various factors can influence thyroid hormone levels, including stress, illness, medications, and pregnancy. It’s crucial to consider these factors when interpreting thyroid function test results.

5. How is the test for Total T3, Total T4, and TSH performed?

Answer: A blood sample is typically taken from a vein in your arm. Fasting may be required for some tests, and it’s essential to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider.

6. What is the normal range for Total T3, Total T4, and TSH?

Answer: Normal ranges can vary between laboratories. However, typical reference ranges are:

• Total T3: 80 to 220 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL)
• Total T4:5 to 12.5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL)
• TSH:4 to 4.0 milli-international units per liter (mIU/L)

1. What is Vitamin B12, and why is it important?

   • Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is essential for the formation of red blood cells, neurological function, and the synthesis of DNA. B12 is not produced by the body, so it must be obtained through diet or supplements.

2. Which foods are good sources of Vitamin B12?

   • Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Some fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals and plant-based milk alternatives, also contain B12. Vegetarians and vegans may need to rely on supplements or fortified foods to ensure an adequate intake.

3. Who is at risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

   • Individuals at a higher risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency include older adults, vegetarians and vegans, people with certain medical conditions (such as pernicious anemia or atrophic gastritis), and those who have undergone certain weight-loss surgeries that affect nutrient absorption. Additionally, chronic use of certain medications, like proton pump inhibitors and metformin, may also increase the risk.

4. What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

   • Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to various symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, anemia, difficulty concentrating, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, and problems with balance and coordination. If left untreated, severe B12 deficiency can result in neurological damage.

5. How is Vitamin B12 deficiency diagnosed?

   • A blood test is typically used to diagnose Vitamin B12 deficiency. The test measures the levels of B12 in the blood. It’s important to note that low B12 levels may not necessarily indicate a deficiency if other factors, such as folate levels, are not considered. In some cases, additional tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) or tests for intrinsic factor antibodies, may be performed to determine the cause of the deficiency.

6. How is Vitamin B12 deficiency treated?

   • Treatment for Vitamin B12 deficiency often involves supplementation. Injections or oral supplements of B12 may be recommended, depending on the severity of the deficiency and the underlying cause. For individuals with conditions that affect B12 absorption, such as pernicious anemia, lifelong supplementation may be necessary. Monitoring and addressing the underlying cause, such as dietary changes or managing certain medical conditions, are also important aspects of treatment. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management of B12 deficiency.

1. What is Vitamin D 25-hydroxy?

Answer: Vitamin D 25-hydroxy, also known as 25(OH)D, is the major circulating form of vitamin D in the blood. It is considered the best indicator of a person’s vitamin D status, reflecting both dietary intake and synthesis in the skin.

2. Why is it important to measure Vitamin D 25-hydroxy levels?

Answer: Measuring Vitamin D 25-hydroxy levels is important because it helps assess an individual’s overall vitamin D status. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health, immune system function, and various other physiological processes. Low levels of Vitamin D can lead to conditions such as rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults.

3. What is the optimal range for Vitamin D 25-hydroxy levels?

Answer: Optimal levels of Vitamin D 25-hydroxy can vary, but generally, levels between 20 and 50 ng/mL are considered adequate for most people. However, some experts suggest maintaining levels in the upper range of this spectrum for optimal health.

4. How can I increase my Vitamin D 25-hydroxy levels?

Answer: The primary source of vitamin D is sunlight exposure, as the skin can produce vitamin D when exposed to UVB rays. Additionally, dietary sources include fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements. If levels are low, a healthcare professional may recommend supplementation to bring them within the optimal range.

5. What is PSA?

Answer: PSA stands for Prostate-Specific Antigen, a protein produced by the prostate gland. It is commonly used as a biomarker for prostate health.

6. Why is PSA testing done?

Answer: PSA testing is often used to screen for prostate cancer or to monitor the progression of the disease. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate issues, but it’s not a definitive diagnostic tool.

1. What is HbA1c?

Answer: HbA1c, or Glycosylated Hemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to glucose. It is often used as a measure of long-term blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes. The test reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

2. How is HbA1c measured?

Answer: The HbA1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated. It is typically expressed as a percentage of total hemoglobin. The test is performed through a blood sample, usually drawn from a vein in the arm.

3. What is the significance of HbA1c in diabetes management?

Answer: HbA1c is a valuable tool for assessing how well a person with diabetes is managing their blood sugar levels over time. It provides an average of blood glucose levels and helps healthcare professionals make treatment decisions. Lowering HbA1c levels is often a goal in diabetes management to reduce the risk of complications.

4. What is the target range for HbA1c in diabetes management?

Answer: The target range for HbA1c may vary depending on individual health factors and the recommendations of healthcare providers. In general, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests an HbA1c target of less than 7% for many adults with diabetes. However, individualized targets may be set based on factors like age, overall health, and the presence of other medical conditions.

5. How often should HbA1c be tested?

Answer: The frequency of HbA1c testing depends on the individual’s diabetes management and the recommendations of their healthcare provider. In general, it is often tested at least twice a year for people with stable blood sugar control. However, individuals with changing treatment plans or difficulty in managing blood sugar may require more frequent testing.

6. Can factors other than diabetes affect HbA1c levels?

Answer: Yes, factors other than diabetes can influence HbA1c levels. Conditions that affect red blood cells, such as anemia or certain hemoglobin variants, can lead to inaccurate results. Additionally, certain medications and medical conditions may impact HbA1c levels. It’s important to discuss these factors with a healthcare professional to interpret HbA1c results accurately.

1. What is a urine routine test?

Answer: A urine routine test, also known as a urinalysis, is a diagnostic examination of urine. It involves analyzing physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine to detect and assess various conditions such as kidney disorders, urinary tract infections, diabetes, and dehydration.

2. How is a urine sample collected?

Answer: A clean-catch midstream urine sample is typically collected for routine urine analysis. This involves starting to urinate, collecting a sample midstream, and then finishing urination. This helps to avoid contamination from the initial and final portions of the stream.

3. What does a urine routine test measure?

Answer: A urine routine test evaluates several components, including color, clarity, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocytes, and microscopic elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts. These parameters provide information about kidney function, hydration, and the presence of substances that may indicate various health conditions.

4. What does the presence of protein in urine indicate?

Answer: Protein in the urine (proteinuria) can be a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction. Healthy kidneys filter waste products but retain essential proteins in the blood. If the kidneys are not functioning properly, proteins may leak into the urine. This can be an early sign of conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or high blood pressure.

5. What does it mean if there are red or white blood cells in the urine?

Answer: The presence of red blood cells (hematuria) in the urine may indicate various conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or inflammation in the urinary system. White blood cells in the urine (pyuria) can suggest an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.

6. How should I prepare for a urine routine test?

Answer: In general, there is minimal preparation required for a urine routine test. However, it’s essential to follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider. It is often recommended to drink normal amounts of fluids and to avoid excessive intake of certain foods or medications that might affect the results. Additionally, inform your healthcare provider of any medications or supplements you are taking.

1. What is PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)?

Answer: PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland in men. It is released into the bloodstream, and elevated levels of PSA can indicate various prostate-related conditions, including prostate cancer.

2. What is Total PSA?

Answer: Total PSA refers to the combined measurement of all forms of PSA in the blood. This includes both free PSA (not bound to proteins) and PSA bound to other proteins. The total PSA test is commonly used to screen for prostate cancer or monitor its progression.

3. Why is PSA Testing Done?

Answer: PSA testing is primarily done to screen for prostate cancer, especially in men over the age of 50 or those at a higher risk. It may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of prostate cancer treatment or to detect the recurrence of cancer after treatment.

4. What Are Normal PSA Levels?

Answer: Normal PSA levels can vary, but generally, a PSA level below 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) is considered normal. However, the interpretation of PSA levels is complex, and factors such as age, race, and overall health should be considered. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate issues, but they do not necessarily confirm the presence of cancer.

5. Can PSA Levels Fluctuate?

Answer: Yes, PSA levels can fluctuate for various reasons. Prostate conditions such as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can cause PSA levels to rise. PSA levels may also vary due to age, sexual activity, and certain medical procedures, such as a prostate biopsy.

6. What Should I Do If My PSA Levels are Elevated?

Answer: If PSA levels are elevated, further evaluation is usually necessary. An elevated PSA level does not necessarily mean cancer, as non-cancerous conditions can also cause elevated PSA. Additional tests, such as a digital rectal exam (DRE) or a prostate biopsy, may be recommended to determine the cause of the elevated PSA and to confirm whether prostate cancer is present.